174 notes tagged with "psychology"
Effects Of Expectations
Practices like Negative Visualization(in Stoicism) uses expectation control.
Published on Nov 22, 2024
Schema Therapy
Schema therapy is a form of therapy developed to change aspects of the Self-Schema. According to this schools, people's behaviors are caused by...
Published on Sep 30, 2024
Stages Of Cognitive Development In Children
Stages of Cognitive Development / Developmental Psychology...
Published on Sep 30, 2024
Schema
Schema is the mental structure of ideas. We use this framework to represent an understanding of the world - and to organize and assimilate new information we get.
Published on Sep 30, 2024
Memory Formation During Trauma
Most of our memory is explicit memory. Its a memory of how the mind thinks of the event. It has a time stamp associated with it.
Published on Jul 08, 2024
Ifs Internal Family Systems
IFS is a therapy framework that looks at a different aspects of a person as 'Parts'. Its useful to see each part as a person - it will help you connect with the part.
Published on Jul 08, 2024
Psycho Analytic Theory
This is the theory that was developed by Sigmund Freud to explain human behavior. According to this theory, the conflict between the unconscious to do pleasurable things and the conscious to do the 'good' things creates all behavior. Most of this branch is no longer supported by modern psychology.
Published on Jun 03, 2024
Personality Psychology
Branch of psychology that studies personality and its variations. These show how individuals differ from each other.
Published on Jun 03, 2024
Environment For Self Growth
According to Carl Rogers, the growth of your self depends on what your environment gives you. For a healthy self, you would want these things…
Published on Jun 02, 2024
Commodification Of Intrinsic Values
Value can be extrinsic(money) or intrinsic(love of your family, interest in a hobby). But in a market economy only extrinsic values are given any weight. This leads to commodification of intrinsic values.
Published on May 19, 2024
Self Esteem
While Self-concept is the belief of who we are(eg. I am introverted), Self-esteem is the value we attach to such a belief(eg. I hate that I am introverted).
Published on May 05, 2024
Ideal Self
This refers to who we want to be. This can be our long term goals, ambitions, etc. One interesting fact about your Ideal self is that it is dynamic. It is easier to change than most of the other components in Self-Concept.
Published on May 05, 2024
Self Schema
Individual beliefs that you hold about yourself is called Self-Schema. Collectively, they make up the Self-Concept.
Published on May 05, 2024
Self Image
Self-Image is how we see ourselves. It can be about your physical self(eg. I am tall) or about your current situation(Eg. I am a victim). These are stable beliefs - it's not very easy to change. It can be
Published on May 05, 2024
Disconfirmation Bias
We tend to put a higher burden of proof for theories that we don't like / agree with / don't want to believe.
Published on Jan 24, 2024
ERG Theory
Alderfer's ERG theory is a different representation of the idea shown in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. It shows human needs in three buckets...
Published on Dec 22, 2023
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
This model shows human needs as a 5 level pyramid. You only go to an upper level if the lower levels are satisfied.
Published on Dec 22, 2023
Behavioral Psychology
This is an aspect of Psychology which focuses on the environment as the cause for specific behaviours. Its a study and analysis of observable behaviour.
Published on Oct 17, 2023
Unit bias
We want to finish a unit of anything we are consuming - we don't want to stop in the middle.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Shirky Principle
Institutions will try to preserve the problem to which they are the solution.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Proportionality Bias
We tend to believe that large events have large causes. This might be true in many instances, but not always.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Johari Window
This is a tool to surface elements of people that might not be known to themselves - but known to others. Its generally used to share feedback.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Halo effect
Tendency to transfer the good impression of a person/ company/ brand/ etc in one context to things they recommend in another context.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Discomfort Drives Growth
Comfort can ruin you. Growth happens in discomfort.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Course
Identity labels: We are meaning making machines. We will assign labels or meanings to events - that will affect the way we process it.
Published on Jan 01, 2023
Cognitive Bias
Cognitive Bias is a known error in the thinking process. These are generally caused by brain using shortcuts to process large amount of inputs.
Published on Oct 15, 2022
Locus of Control
This refers to how we believe where the power in our life lies.
Published on Oct 02, 2022
Enmeshment
When boundaries between the identity of personal and professional gets blurred. The professional identity becomes the personal identity.
Published on May 15, 2022
Facets of Mental Health
How someone feels can depend on multiple facets. A disease can be because of a combination of biology(genes), behavior(lifestyle) and environment.
Published on May 15, 2022
Behaviour Change - Make the craving attractive
Law 2 of Behavior Change in Atomic Habits.
Published on Apr 16, 2022
Behaviour Change - Make the Reward Satisfying
Law 4 of Behavior Change in Atomic Habits.
Published on Apr 16, 2022
Behaviour Change - Make the Action Easy
Law 3 of Behavior Change in Atomic Habits.
Published on Apr 16, 2022
Behaviour Change - Make Cues Obvious
Law 1 of Behavior Change in Atomic Habits.
Published on Apr 16, 2022
Atomic Habits
Habits are small actions repeated many times - enough to become automatic. It is the compound interest of our behavior. They can be good or bad.
Published on Apr 16, 2022
Conversational Group Limit
Dunbar, who created the Dunbar's Number, says that language is a 'cheap' form of social grooming(akin to flea picking in apes). Its more efficient - you can talk to more than one person at a time - and you can do it when doing other things.
Published on Apr 08, 2022
3 People Groups we Imitate
If we surround yourself with people who has the same habits as the one you want to build, it will be easier for you to adopt that habit.
Published on Feb 10, 2022
Dunbar's Number
Human's can maintain social relations with upto 150 people. In such societies, everyone knows everyone else - and how each relates to others. These is a cognitive limit we have.
Published on Feb 10, 2022
Four Laws of Behavior Change
You can invert these laws to break bad habits.
Published on Feb 08, 2022
Break Bad Habits
Behaviors have a surface level craving and a deeper motivation. Habits are current solutions to evolutionary problems.
Published on Feb 08, 2022
Self Concept
Your self-concept is the collection of beliefs you hold about yourself. These smaller, specific beliefs are called the Self-schema. They are old sets of memories that would have generalized into beliefs about yourself. For eg, the Self-Schema/belief that 'I am introverted'.
Published on Jan 27, 2022
Mental Health Benefits of Religion
Religions help mental health due to these factors...
Published on Jan 18, 2022
Common Factors Research
Common Factors between different types of therapy. As long as these factors are present, the therapy technique can help the mental health of patients.
Published on Jan 18, 2022
End of History Illusion
If someone asks you how much have you changed over the last 10 years, you can describe your change fairly well. But if you are asked "How much will you change in the next 10 years", your prediction will be way lesser than the actual change. You tend to think you'll stay more or less the same.
Published on Dec 28, 2021
Cognitive Distortions
Exaggerated irrational thinking that can lead to anxiety/depression - or continue the state of anxiety/depression. This causes people to have a wrong idea about reality - often a negative one. It reinforces negative thoughts and emotions. Part of the CBT model.
Published on Dec 16, 2021
ABC of CBT
The ABC model in CBT helps you react to negative situations in a better way.
Published on Dec 16, 2021
CBT
CBT is a Therapy model that focus on the reducing or managing symptoms of mental health conditions. CBT belongs to the Cognitive and Behavioral schools in Psychology.
Published on Dec 16, 2021
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
Catch it, Check it, Change it
Published on Dec 13, 2021
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - Overview
History: Aaron Beck is considered the pioneer of CBT
Published on Dec 13, 2021
Psychology
The science of understanding the mind and behaviors. This tries to understand why you do what you do.
Published on Nov 14, 2021
Our wants are driven by others
Our wants are driven by others. We start wanting things when we see others have it. It can have a reverse effect as well - we might want the opposite thing to from our peers to stand out.
Published on Nov 12, 2021
Motivated Belief
Motivated Belief is when a person believes something because they want it to be true, not necessarily because that belief is supported by facts or other evidence.
Published on Oct 06, 2021
Situation Predicts Behavior
Situational constraints typically predict behavior far better than personality, intelligence, or other individual-level traits.
Published on Oct 06, 2021
Symptoms of Withdrawal
These are the symptoms of withdrawal from any addictive substance.
Published on Sep 19, 2021
Supernormal Stimuli
Supernormal Stimuli is a Stimuli that is larger or more intense than naturally occuring Stimuli. Due to this they have a higher behavioural effect. Eg. porn. These are Stimuli that are outside of your brain's operating parameters.
Published on Sep 15, 2021
Binary Framing
People rethink less when an issue is presented as black and white. But many activism movements tend to employ a binary framing. You are either an environmentalist or your a climate change denier. You are woke or you are a racist. Picking a side is an emotional task - not a good way to change your mind.
Published on Sep 13, 2021
Think Again by Adam Grant
In a constantly changing environment, it pays to be able to change your mind. You should know how to re-think - so as to integrate new information and also error check previous knowledge.
Published on Sep 13, 2021
Hot-Cold Empathy Gap
There is a significant difference in how we act in an emotionally changed state(hot state) when compared to your normal state(cold). When you are in cold state, you cannot predict how you will act when when in a cold state - you predict using your current state.
Published on Aug 30, 2021
Focus Difference in System 1 and System 2
When we encounter an easy problem we are relaxed/not focused. In this mode, the System 1 thinking is strengthened and system 2 weakened. When we are in this state, we will be more creative and intuitive. But we are more likely to make mistakes.
Published on Aug 18, 2021
Substitution Heuristic
We substitute the actual question with an easier to answer question. Eg. "Will this man be a good secretary" becomes "Does this man fit my mental idea of a good secretary?"
Published on Aug 18, 2021
Availability Heuristic
You overestimate the probability of something that you hear more often/remember easily. Eg. We think accidents kill more people than strokes.
Published on Aug 18, 2021
Thinking Fast and Slow, Blinkist
Summary of the Thinking Fast and Slow book. Does not cover the things mentioned in the other note.
Published on Aug 18, 2021
Assume Criticism to be True
When receiving criticism, just accept it in the initial stage. Hear out the criticism assuming it is true. You can analyze it later.
Published on Aug 18, 2021
Stages of Learning
When learning a skill people go thru 5 cognitive progression stages. They learn to think differently in each stage...
Published on Aug 17, 2021
Cultivate a Purpose
Finding a purpose might be a wrong path to take to get a purpose. A better one would be to cultivate it.
Published on Aug 11, 2021
Mind Accepts Coherent Stories
Mind greatly prefers any Coherent story over uncertainty. It will choose a explanation it deems likely over saying "I don't know".
Published on Aug 11, 2021
Ulysses Contract
Know the list of areas that you will generally be biased in(eg. I have a tendency to have a positive bias) - so that you can be more mindful in those areas - or even figure out ways to limit your choices in those areas.
Published on Aug 06, 2021
Hindsight Bias
People tend to think that events could have been easily predictable AFTER the outcome is clear. The certainty that people attribute to their predictions are much higher that it actually is.
Published on Aug 06, 2021
Self-Serving Bias
Self-Serving bias is a cognitive process to maintain a favorable perception of oneself. We tend to associate our good outcomes to our actions - but bad outcomes we attribute it to external factors. Eg. I got a 90% is maths because I studied hard - but I got a 20% in english because my teacher hates me.
Published on Aug 06, 2021
Risk Schmisk - Annie Duke
Expected Value: Theoretical net positive or negative of a given event over time.
Published on Aug 06, 2021
Neuroscience of Creativity, Perception, and Confirmation Bias
All behavior is to reduce uncertainty - uncertainty brings stress.
Published on Jul 29, 2021
Negative habits are to avoid a negative feeling
The unwanted habits or behaviors are triggered by a negative emotion that you want to get away from. The unwanted behavior is how you distract yourself from the negative emotion. People strive to avoid psychological discomfort.
Published on Jul 19, 2021
Illusion Of Explanatory Depth
People hold passionate views about topic that they don't really understand. They think they understand it - but its only apparent when they are asked to explain it in detail. That is where they will fail.
Published on Jul 17, 2021
Fast Thinking Exploits
People make different decisions if they pause and think about the decision vs when they react immediately. System 1 is way more vulnerable to exploits.
Published on Jul 16, 2021
Fundamental Attribution Error
We attribute the reason of our own(or of our friends) failures to the environment, but the failures of others(or our enemies) to their character.
Published on Jul 15, 2021
Amygdala Hijack
The Thalamus region of the brain gets sensory data. Parts of this is sent to Amygdala(emotional/irrational part of the brain) and parts to the neocortex(thinking/rational brain). If the Amygdala matches it with an earlier threat stimulus, then it activates a shortcut(HPA/hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis) - and effectively takes over the brain overriding the rational area.
Published on May 12, 2021
Environmental Psychology
Environmental psychology: interplay between people and their surroundings - how our environment affects our behavior, our performance, and our well-being. Its used in many fields such as interior design, architecture, retail, education and more.
Published on May 07, 2021
Psychological Safety at work
A working environment where you are not afraid to ask for help or admit failure. You are not worried that it will cause some formal or informal action to be taken against you.
Published on Apr 23, 2021
Imagined Community
In Anthropology, imagined community is the idea of a community within all its members minds. Eg. Nations. Some characteristics...
Published on Apr 19, 2021
Surf the urge
Surfing the Urge is a practice to increase your Distress Tolerance(Ability to be in control when things go wrong). This is the process
Published on Apr 07, 2021
Willpower Challenge
Two parts of your mind have competing goals. Long term and short term. Willpower Challenge happens when the brain has to choose between these goals. Eg. Forgo the current pleasure of eating an ice cream vs the long term goal of losing weight.
Published on Apr 07, 2021
Defensive Pessimism
Pessimism when planning has a good effect on your plan to change.
Published on Apr 07, 2021
Self Compassion Message
When there is a Willpower Challenge failure, you can give yourself a self compassion message.
Published on Apr 07, 2021
Effect of Self Compassion on Willpower
If you are very self-critical of a Willpower Challenge failure, the more likely it is for you to fail again.
Published on Apr 07, 2021
ADHD
ADHD : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - this mental health issue can be found in both adults and children. Its helpful to think of ADHD as attention regulation disorder - rather than Attention Defiant.
Published on Apr 05, 2021
Psychology of Giving and Getting Gifts
When people give gifts, they want...
Published on Mar 20, 2021
How to change a habit
Process to change an existing habit. We are using the example of "You drink a can of coke every day"
Published on Mar 20, 2021
Overcoming Conflict Avoidance
Strategies for overcoming Conflict Avoidance...
Published on Mar 20, 2021
Transactional Analysis
"Method of therapy that analyses transactions by understanding what state of mind they are in when communicating - and how those states of mind came to be."
Published on Feb 06, 2021
Motivational Interview
When trying to change someone's mind on something, try to find their own internal reason to change. This can be done by talking to them - asking open ended questions and listening to understand their reasons. You can do this by asking how they plan to implement their philosophy - this will show them the gaps in their understanding of the situation(Illusion Of Explanatory Depth).
Published on Jan 31, 2021
Notes from Session Actions against Anxiety
Context: Session by Abhishek Thakore as part of Transformation Leadership
Published on Jan 29, 2021
Cognitive Dissonance
When someone holds beliefs, ideas, values that are contradictory to each other, it creates psychological stress. People will do all they can to change them till it becomes consistent so as to reduce the stress.
Published on Jan 22, 2021
Interactive Group Effect
When individuals in a group interact, they can sometimes reach results that would not have reached them if each had acted alone. Whole is more than the sum of its parts.
Published on Jan 22, 2021
Social aspect of belief
There is a social aspect to belief, such that we may discount even the evidence of our own senses if we think that our beliefs are not in harmony with those around us. Peer pressure works. Just as we seek to have harmony within our own beliefs(Cognitive Dissonance), we also seek harmony with the beliefs of those around us.
Published on Jan 22, 2021
Consciousness Can't be Physical
People who says consciousness can't be physical are two type...
Published on Jan 20, 2021
Flow State
The mental state in which a person performing some activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by the complete absorption in what one does, and a resulting transformation in one's sense of time.
Published on Jan 20, 2021
Replication Crisis
The replication crisis is an ongoing methodological crisis in which it has been found that many scientific studies are difficult or impossible to replicate or reproduce. The replication crisis most severely affects the social sciences and medicine.
Published on Jan 20, 2021
Feelings are noisy signals
Feelings are noisy signals about met & unmet needs.
Published on Jan 06, 2021
Self-Determination Theory
The theory states that, besides our physical needs, evolution's also given us 3 main psychological needs.
Published on Jan 06, 2021
Zeigarnik Effect
You will remember interrupted/incomplete activities better than completed activities. Open tasks tend to occupy our short-term memory - until they are done.
Published on Jan 05, 2021
Ego Depletion
Temporary reduction in the capacity or willingness to engage in action(controlling the environment, controlling self, making choices, initiating action) caused by prior exercise of choice.
Published on Jan 05, 2021
Mere-Exposure Effect
Psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. Doing something many times makes us believe that we are good at it - independent of our actual skill. Used in advertising - seeing the advertisement of a brand multiple times will make us like it more.
Published on Jan 05, 2021
Imposter Syndrome
This is a psychological pattern in which an individual doubts their skills, talents or accomplishments and has a persistent internalized fear of being exposed as a "fraud". Individuals with impostor syndrome incorrectly attribute their success to luck, or interpret it as a result of deceiving others into thinking they are more intelligent than they perceive themselves to be.
Published on Jan 05, 2021
Dunning–Kruger Effect
Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with low competence in a field overestimate their competence.
Published on Jan 05, 2021
Impact of Metaphor Thinking
Issues that come with Metaphorical Thinking idea in Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Published on Dec 25, 2020
Embodied cognition
The mind is not only connected to the body but that the body influences the mind (in a way that the two always have to be considered together).
Published on Dec 25, 2020
Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Conceptual Metaphor Theory: Abstract concepts are metaphorically understood. Eg. "Affection"(Abstract concept) is understood in terms of "warmth"(metaphor).
Published on Dec 25, 2020
Embodiment and Human Nature
Embodied cognition, the idea that the mind is not only connected to the body but that the body influences the mind (in a way that the two always have to be considered together)
Published on Dec 25, 2020
Identity Created from Suffering
Defining yourself by your suffering is an effective way to keep suffering forever (ex. incels, trauma).
Published on Dec 24, 2020
Keep Identity Small
Keep your identity small. "I’m not the kind of person who does things like that" is not an explanation, it’s a trap.
Published on Dec 24, 2020
Belief Threshold
People tend to accept ideas that a threshold percentage of their friends also subscribe to. This can be manipulated by creating a Majority Illusion
Published on Dec 19, 2020
Majority Illusion
Social networks can create the illusion that something is common when it is actually rare. Its the local impression that a specific attribute is common when the global truth is entirely different. Eg. In a group of 5 people, 1 person is a drinker and others are drinkers. Everyone in the group is friend with one person and the drinker. So 4 people will see that 50% of their friends are drinkers - even though, in reality only 20% of the 5 is a drinker.
Published on Dec 19, 2020
Connections in People Groups
Too much bonding social capital and it will create group think that will not take in ideas from outside. Too little and ideas will not be shared between members.
Published on Dec 19, 2020
Human Needs
Human needs are finite and classifiable. There are 9 fundamental human needs that are constant across time periods and cultures.
Published on Dec 19, 2020
What Boredom Says
Getting bored is our mind's way of saying it finds the current activity as low value.
Published on Dec 18, 2020
Memory Filters
Before we store an event in our memory, it goes thru many filters. So the final memory is very different from the actual event. The filters are...
Published on Dec 18, 2020
Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood
Tendency for Interpersonal Victimhood (TIV): "an ongoing feeling that the self is a victim". It involves 4 dimensions...
Published on Dec 18, 2020
Re-framing
Re-framing is considering an negative issue from many different aspects to find a positive
Published on Dec 18, 2020
Neuro Linguistic Programming
Context: Created from Slides of a NLP course.
Published on Dec 18, 2020
Apophenia
Apophenia is the tendency to perceive a connection or meaningful pattern between unrelated or random things (such as objects or ideas)
Published on Dec 15, 2020
Parasocial Interation
Parasocial interaction: A kind of psychological relationship experienced by an audience with performers in media(talk show host, celebrities, fictional characters, social media influencers). Viewers or listeners come to consider media personalities as friends, despite having limited interactions with them. PSI is described as an illusionary experience, such that media audiences interact with personas as if they are engaged in a reciprocal relationship with them. A parasocial interaction, an exposure that garners interest in a persona, becomes a parasocial relationship after repeated exposure to the media persona causes the media user to develop illusions of intimacy, friendship, and identification. Positive information learned about the media persona results in increased attraction, and the relationship progresses. Parasocial relationships are enhanced due to trust and self-disclosure provided by the media persona.
Published on Dec 15, 2020
Dopamine's Function: Creating the Want
Dopamine didn't affect liking something - but it was created the 'wanting'. Dopamine increases temptation. Wanting is more fundamental than liking. Ultimately, it doesn't matter for the preservation of our genes whether we like sex, or like food. Far more important is whether we want to have sex, and whether we seek out food.
Published on Dec 15, 2020
Existential Psycological Disorders
According to Existential Psychotherapy, some psychological disorders are the result of individual's inability to reconcile themselves with certain characteristics of the human condition.
Published on Dec 08, 2020
Promise modal of Mindfulness Meditation
After integrating the information from the three sources (interviews, Western concepts, Buddhist scriptures), we created a model on the process and mechanisms that lead to the positive effects of mindfulness meditation.
Published on Dec 08, 2020
Difference in classical and operant conditioning
Learning in psychology(esp. Behavioral Psychology) is through classical or operant conditioning. Its a change in behavior depending on the environment.
Published on Dec 08, 2020
6 Principles of Persuasion
This model comes from the book "Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion" by Robert Cialdini.
Published on Dec 07, 2020
Faith Programming in Brain
Our brains have a programming, a 'mode of knowing' that lets us believe 'stories' about things we can't fully understand/explain. This programming can be called faith. This can reduce stress. Proof: All human societies have had a religion.
Published on Dec 07, 2020
Brain Changes in Addiction
To know if someone is addicted, use the Addiction Assessment
Published on Nov 28, 2020
Addiction Assessment
How do you decide if someone is addicted to something...
Published on Nov 28, 2020
Ugh Fields
Pavlovian conditioning can cause humans to unconsciously flinch from even thinking about a serious personal problem they have, we call it an "Ugh Field". The Ugh Field forms a self-shadowing blind spot covering an area desperately in need of optimization, imposing huge costs.
Published on Nov 28, 2020
Flow By Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
A person can make themselves happy or miserable regardless of what is actually happening outside - just by changing the contents of consciousness.
Published on Nov 28, 2020
Two Types of Empathy
Person can imaginatively take the role of another and can understand and accurately predict that person's thoughts, feelings and actions.
Published on Nov 02, 2020
Pseudo Sets - Behavior Push
Create and communicate clear ‘pseudo-sets’ to persuade people to complete a certain number of tasks (you've read 1 out of 4), encourage a specific number of donations (donate 6 packs, 1 for each family member), or buy a group of products (collect all 5 candles). People will stop at the reference point you set, but they are much more likely to reach it rather than abandoning earlier.
Published on Oct 23, 2020
Execute by Delay
You can start something you hate by programming yourself to do something by counting down from 10. Its easy to start counting - more than actually doing the activity. But with enough programming, you'll be able to start things when you reach 0.
Published on Aug 10, 2020
Procrastination Behavior
Procrastination isn’t a inability to manage time, but a way of coping with challenging emotions and negative moods induced by certain tasks — boredom, anxiety, insecurity, frustration, resentment, self-doubt and beyond.
Published on Aug 09, 2020
Behavior Triggers
Behavior Triggers(in Behavioral Psychology) fall into these categories...
Published on Aug 09, 2020
Motivated Reasoning
Motivated Reasoning is a Cognitive bias - we tend to accept/believe more easily and with less scrutiny things we think are correct. If we encounter an idea that we think is wrong, we subject it to more scrutiny - it has a higher bar to clear for us to accept it.
Published on Jul 21, 2020
Empowering Self : Transactional Analysis 101
TA is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and change.
Published on Jun 06, 2020