Drefyus Model Of Skill Acquisition
Dreyfus model is used to access and support skill development. It can also provide an acceptable level for measuring competence or capability.
It has 5 levels...
- Novice: Low level of understanding. Need supervision.
- Advanced Beginner: Working understanding. Sees tasks as a series of steps. Can complete simple tasks without supervision.
- Competent: Good working and background understanding. Sees actions in context. Can complete tasks independently - but might lack polish.
- Proficient: Deep understanding. Sees actions holistically. High standard results.
- Expert: Authoritative or deep holistic understanding. Routine tasks are intuitive. Goes beyond existing interpretations.
| Stage | Characteristics | Knowledge | Context Assessment | Decision Making |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Novice | Follows taught rules or plans strictly. No discretionary judgement. | No reference to context | Analytically | Rational |
| Advanced Beginner | Has a categorization of actions in mind, and follows steps based on internal categorization of the specific action All categories are treated separately and given equal importance. | In Context | Analytically | Rational |
| Competent | Sees actions in terms of longer term goals(at least partially) Conscious, deliberate planning Standardized procedures | In Context | Analytically | Rational |
| Proficient | Views situations holistically rather than as categories Prioritizes actions based on situation Understands deviations from normal pattern Easier decision making | In Context | Holistically | Rational |
| Expert | No longer needs rules, maxims Intuitive grasp of situation based on deep Understanding Analytic approaches used in novel situations or when problems arise. | In Context | Holistically | Intuitive |
| Knowledge | Standard of work | Autonomy | Coping with Complexity | Perception of context | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Novice | Little or textbook knowledge. No practical know-how | Unsatisfactory unless supervised | Needs close supervision or instruction | Can't handle complexity | Sees actions in isolation |
| Beginner | Working knowledge of key aspects of practice | Easier tasks are satisfactory | Can do some actions independently, but overall, needs supervision | Understands complex situations, asks for support appropriately | Sees actions as series of steps |
| Competent | Good working and background knowledge in area | Fit for purpose, but not refined | Can complete most tasks independently | Can cope with complex situations with analysis and planning | Sees actions in terms of longer term goals |
| Proficient | In depth understanding of area | Produces acceptable solutions most of the time | Fully independent | Deals with complex situations holistically. Confident decision making | Sees the overall picture and how actions fit within it |
| Expert | Authoritative knowledge and tacit understanding of area | Excellence achieved with ease | Goes beyond existing standards | Holistic grasp of complexity. Can change between intuitive and analytical approaches | Sees overall picture and alternative approaches |